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MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS |
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Course Code |
21CS43 |
CIE Marks |
50 |
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Teaching Hours/Week (L:T:P: S) |
3:0:2:0 |
SEE Marks |
50 |
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Total Hours of Pedagogy |
40 T + 20 P |
Total Marks |
100 |
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Credits |
04 |
Exam Hours |
03 |
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Course Learning Objectives: CLO 1: Understand the fundamentals of ARM-based systems, including programming modules
with registers and the
CPSR. CLO 2: Use the various instructions to program the ARM
controller. CLO 3: Program
various embedded components using the embedded C program. CLO 4: Identify various components, their purpose, and
their application to the embedded system's applicability. CLO 5: Understand the embedded system's real-time operating system
and its application in IoT. |
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Teaching-Learning Process (General Instructions)
These are sample Strategies, which teachers can
use to accelerate the attainment of the various
course outcomes. 1.
The lecturer method
(L) does not mean only
the traditional lecture method, but different types of teaching methods may be adopted to
develop the outcomes. 2.
Show video/animation films
to explain the
functioning of various
concepts. 3.
Encourage collaborative (group
learning) learning in the class. 4.
Ask at least
three HOT (Higher order
Thinking) questions in the class,
which promotes critical thinking. 5.
Adopt Problem Based Learning (PBL), which fosters
students’ Analytical skills, develop thinking
skills such as the ability to evaluate, generalize, and analyze information
rather than simply recall it. 6.
Topics will be introduced in multiple representations. 7.
Show the different ways to solve
the same problem
and encourage the students to come up
with their own creative
ways to solve them. 8.
Discuss how every
concept can be applied to the real
world, and when that's possible, it helps improve the students' understanding. |
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Module-1 |
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Microprocessors versus
Microcontrollers, ARM Embedded Systems: The RISC design philosophy, The ARM Design
Philosophy, Embedded System Hardware, Embedded System Software.
ARM Processor Fundamentals: Registers, Current Program
Status Register, Pipeline, Exceptions, Interrupts, and the Vector
Table, Core Extensions
Textbook 1: Chapter
1 - 1.1 to 1.4, Chapter 2 - 2.1 to
2.5 |
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Laboratory Component: 1. Using Keil
software, observe the various registers, dump, CPSR, with
a simple ALP programme. |
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Teaching-Learning Process |
1.
Demonstration of registers, memory access, and CPSR in a programme module. 2.
For concepts, numerical, and discussion, use
chalk and a whiteboard, as well as a PowerPoint presentation. |
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Module-2 |
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Introduction to the ARM Instruction Set: Data
Processing Instructions , Branch Instructions, Software Interrupt Instructions, Program Status Register Instructions, Coprocessor Instructions, Loading Constants |
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C Compilers and Optimization :Basic C Data
Types, C Looping Structures, Register Allocation,
Function Calls, Pointer
Aliasing,
Textbook 1: Chapter
3: Sections 3.1 to 3.6
(Excluding 3.5.2), Chapter 5 |
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Laboratory Component: 2.
Write a program
to find the sum of the first
10 integer numbers. 3.
Write a program
to find the factorial of a
number. 4.
Write a program
to add an array of 16 bit numbers
and store the 32 bit
result in internal RAM. 5.
Write a program to find the square
of a number (1 to 10) using a look-up table. 6.
Write a program
to find the largest or smallest number
in an array of 32 numbers. |
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Teaching-Learning Process |
1.
Demonstration of sample
code using Keil
software. 2.
Laboratory Demonstration |
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Module-3 |
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C Compilers and Optimization :Structure Arrangement, Bit-fields, Unaligned Data and Endianness, Division, Floating Point,
Inline Functions and Inline Assembly, Portability Issues.
ARM programming using
Assembly language: Writing Assembly code, Profiling and cycle counting, instruction scheduling,
Register Allocation, Conditional Execution, Looping
Constructs
Textbook 1: Chapter-5,6 |
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Laboratory Component: 1.
Write a program to arrange a series of 32 bit numbers in ascending/descending order. 2.
Write a program
to count the number of ones and zeros
in two consecutive memory locations. 3.
Display “Hello World”
message using Internal UART. |
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Teaching-Learning Process |
1.
Demonstration of sample
code using Keil
software. 2.
Chalk and Board
for numerical |
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Module-4 |
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Embedded
System Components: Embedded Vs General computing system, History of
embedded systems, Classification of Embedded systems, Major applications areas
of embedded systems, purpose of embedded systems. Core of an Embedded System including all types of processor/controller, Memory,
Sensors, Actuators, LED, 7 segment LED display, stepper
motor, Keyboard, Push button switch, Communication Interface (onboard and external types), Embedded firmware, Other system
components.
Textbook 2: Chapter 1 (Sections 1.2 to 1.6),
Chapter 2 (Sections 2.1 to 2.6) |
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Laboratory Component: 1.
Interface and Control a DC Motor. 2.
Interface a Stepper
motor and rotate
it in clockwise and anti-clockwise direction. 3.
Determine Digital output
for a given Analog input
using Internal ADC of
ARM controller. 4.
Interface a DAC and generate Triangular and Square
waveforms. 5.
Interface a 4x4
keyboard and display the
key code on an LCD. 6.
Demonstrate the use of an external interrupt to toggle an LED On/Off. 7.
Display the Hex digits 0 to F on
a 7-segment LED
interface, with an appropriate delay in between. |
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Teaching-Learning Process |
1.
Demonstration of sample
code for various embedded components using
keil. 2.
Chalk and Board
for numerical and
discussion |
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Module-5 |
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RTOS and IDE for Embedded System Design: Operating
System basics, Types of operating systems,
Task, process and threads (Only POSIX Threads with an example
program), Thread preemption, Multiprocessing
and Multitasking, Task Communication (without any program), Task
synchronization issues – Racing and
Deadlock, Concept of Binary and counting semaphores (Mutex example without any program), How to choose an RTOS,
Integration and testing of Embedded hardware and firmware, Embedded system Development Environment
– Block diagram (excluding Keil), Disassembler/decompiler, simulator, emulator and debugging techniques, target hardware debugging, boundary scan.
Textbook 2: Chapter-10 (Sections 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 , 10.7, 10.8.1.1, 10.8.1.2, 10.8.2.2, 10.10 only), Chapter 12, Chapter-13 ( block diagram before 13.1, 13.3,
13.4, 13.5, 13.6
only) |
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Laboratory Component: 1. Demonstration of IoT
applications by using
Arduino and Raspberry Pi |
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Teaching-Learning Process |
1.
Chalk and Board
for numerical and
discussion 2.
Significance of real
time operating system[RTOS] using raspberry pi |
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Course outcome (Course Skill Set) At the end of the course, the student will
be able to: CO 1. Explain C-Compilers and optimization CO 2. Describe the ARM microcontroller's
architectural features and program module.
CO 3. Apply
the knowledge gained
from programming on ARM to different applications. CO 4. Program
the basic hardware components and their
application selection method. CO 5. Demonstrate the need for
a real-time operating system for embedded system applications. |
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Assessment Details
(both CIE and SEE) The weightage of Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) is 50% and for Semester End Exam (SEE)
is 50%. The minimum passing mark for the CIE is
40% of the maximum marks (20 marks). A student shall be deemed to have satisfied the academic
requirements and earned the credits allotted to each subject/ course if the student secures not less
than 35% (18 Marks out of 50) in the semester-end examination (SEE), and a minimum of 40% (40 marks
out of 100) in the sum total of the CIE (Continuous Internal Evaluation) and SEE (Semester End Examination) taken together Continuous Internal Evaluation: Three Unit
Tests each of 20 Marks
(duration 01 hour) 1.
First test at the end of 5th week of the semester 2.
Second test at the end of the 10th week of the semester 3.
Third test at the end of the 15th week of the semester Two assignments each of 10
Marks 4.
First assignment at the end of 4th week of the semester 5.
Second assignment at the
end of 9th week of the semester
Practical Sessions need to be assessed by appropriate rubrics and viva-voce method.
This will contribute to 20 marks.
·
Rubrics for each Experiment taken
average for all Lab components – 15 Marks. ·
Viva-Voce– 5 Marks
(more emphasized on demonstration topics)
The sum of three tests,
two assignments, and practical sessions will be out of 100 marks and
will be scaled down
to 50 marks (to have a less
stressed CIE, the portion of the syllabus should not be common /repeated for any of the methods
of the CIE.
Each method of CIE should have
a different syllabus portion of the
course). |
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CIE methods /question paper has to be designed
to attain the different levels of Bloom’s
taxonomy as per the outcome defined for the course.
Semester End
Examination: Theory SEE will be conducted by University as per the
scheduled timetable, with common question papers for the subject (duration 03 hours) 1.
The question paper will have ten questions. Each question is set for 20 marks.
Marks scored shall
be proportionally reduced to 50 marks 2.
There will be 2 questions from each module. Each of
the two questions under a module (with a maximum
of 3 sub-questions), should have a
mix of topics under that module. The students have
to answer 5 full questions, selecting one full
question from each
module |
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Suggested Learning Resources: |
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Textbooks 1.
Andrew N Sloss,
Dominic Symes and Chris Wright, ARM system developers guide, Elsevier, Morgan Kaufman publishers, 2008. 2.
Shibu K V, “Introduction to Embedded Systems”, Tata McGraw Hill Education, Private
Limited, 2nd
Edition. Reference Books 1.
Raghunandan. G.H, Microcontroller (ARM) and Embedded System, Cengage learning Publication,2019 2.
The Insider’s Guide
to the ARM7 Based Microcontrollers, Hitex
Ltd.,1st edition, 2005. 3.
Steve Furber, ARM System-on-Chip Architecture, Second Edition, Pearson, 2015. 4.
Raj Kamal, Embedded System, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishers, 2nd Edition, 2008. |
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Weblinks and Video
Lectures (e-Resources): |
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Activity Based
Learning (Suggested Activities in Class)/ Practical Based learning |
- 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.
- 8 kB to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 kB to 512 kB of on-chip flash memory; 128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation.
- In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot loader software, single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of 256 Bytes in 1 ms Embedded ICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with the on-chip Real Monitor software and high-speed tracing of instruction execution.
- USB 2.0 Full-speed compliant device controller with 2kB of endpoint RAM. In addition, the LPC2148 provides 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by DMA.
- One or two (LPC2141/42 vs, LPC2144/46/48) 10-bit ADCs provide a total of 6/14 analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 ms per channel.
- Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output (LPC2148 only)
- Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
- Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock input.
- Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs , two Fast I2C-bus (400 kbit/s),SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
- Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) with configurable priorities and vector addresses.
- Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.
- Up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins available.
- 60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with settling time of 100 ms.
- Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock scaling for additional power optimization.
- Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt or BOD.
- Single power supply chip with POR and BOD circuits
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| LPC2148 Pin Diagram
DATA SHEET FOR LPC 2148 CLICK Here: DATASHEET_LPC2148 USER MANUAL FOR ALS-SDA-ARM7-06 Introduction
General-purpose input/output (GPIO) is a pin on an IC (Integrated Circuit). It can be either input pin or output pin, whose behaviour can be controlled at the run time. A group of these pins is called a port (Example, Port 0 of LPC2148 has 32 pins).
LPC2148 has two 32-bit General Purpose I/O ports.
1. PORT0
2. PORT1
PORT0 is a 32-bit port
PORT1 is also a 32-bit port. Only 16 of these 32 pins (P1.16 – P1.31) are available for use as general-purpose input or output.
Almost every pin of these two ports has some alternate function available. For example, P0.0 can be configured as the TXD pin for UART0 or as PWM1 pin as well. The functionality of each pin can be selected using the Pin Function Select Registers.
Note : The Port 0 pins do not have built-in pull-up or pull-down resistors. Hence, while using GPIOs on Port 0, in some cases, we need to connect pull-up or pull-down resistors externally.
Fast and Slow GPIO Registers
There are 5 Fast (also called Enhanced GPIO Features Registers) GPIO Registers and 4 Slow (also called Legacy GPIO Registers) GPIO Registers available to control PORT0 and PORT1.
The Slow Registers allow backward compatibility with earlier family devices using the existing codes.
Slow GPIO Registers
There are 4 Slow GPIO registers :
1. IOxPIN (GPIO Port Pin value register): This is a 32-bit wide register. This register is used to read/write the value on Port (PORT0/PORT1). But care should be taken while writing. Masking should be used to ensure write to the desired pin.
Examples :
a) Writing 1 to P0.4 using IO0PIN
IO0PIN = IO0PIN | (1<<4)
b) Writing 0 to P0.4 using IO0PIN
IO0PIN = IO0PIN & (~(1<<4) )
c) Writing F to P0.7-P0.4
IO0PIN = IO0PIN | (0x000000F0)
2. IOxSET (GPIO Port Output Set register) : This is a 32-bit wide register. This register is used to make pins of Port (PORT0/PORT1) HIGH. Writing one to specific bit makes that pin HIGH. Writing zero has no effect.
3. IOxDIR (GPIO Port Direction control register) : This is a 32-bit wide register. This register individually controls the direction of each port pin. Setting a bit to ‘1’ configures the corresponding pin as an output pin. Setting a bit to ‘0’ configures the corresponding pin as an input pin.
4. IOxCLR (GPIO Port Output Clear register) : This is a 32-bit wide register. This register is used to make pins of Port LOW. Writing one to specific bit makes that pin LOW. Writing zeroes has no effect.
Examples :
a) Configure pin P0.0 to P0.3 as input pins and P0.4 to P0.7 as output pins.
IO0DIR = 0x000000F0;
b) Configure pin P0.4 as an output. Then set that pin HIGH.
IO0DIR = 0x00000010; OR IO0DIR = (1<<4);
IO0SET = (1<<4);
c) Configure pin P0.4 as an output. Then set that pin LOW.
IO0DIR = 0x00000010; OR IO0DIR = (1<<4);
IO0CLR = (1<<4);
About Assembly Code Click here- arm assembly Steps to execute ARM assembly programs Click here- Video_Steps Some Programs- Example Programs for Practice PART A: ASSEMBLY PROGRAMS PART B: INTERFACING PROGRAMS |
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